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天下生命科学前沿动态周报(三十三)

2010年-11月-28日 泉源:mebo

(11.22 -- 11.28 / 2010)
凯发k8国际集团:陶国新 

  本周动态包括以下内容:生长因子TGF-β2和BMP4可使成熟细胞转化为成人干细胞; ;;;脂肪组织可天生免疫细胞; ;;;预设基因线路可指示人体细胞按需分解; ;;;无需动物实验即可快速筛选抗癌药物; ;;;恢复p53功效为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性; ;;;卵白酶体助生殖细胞“返老还童”  。。

1. 生长因子TGF-β2和BMP4可使成熟细胞转化为成人干细胞
【摘要】
  据美国物理学家组织网11月21日报道,, ,,哈佛医学院和哈佛牙科学院的研究职员在11月21日出书的《自然—医学》杂志上撰文指出,, ,,通过模拟一种有数的遗传疾病,, ,,他们能够让成熟细胞回到成人干细胞状态,, ,,新获得的这种干细胞能分解成州差别类型的细胞,, ,,在作育皿和动物身上举行的试验都获得了乐成。。哈佛医学院的细胞生物学家、哈佛牙科学院院长布约恩·奥尔森体现,, ,,新发明在个性化医疗和组织工程学领域具有主要意义。。举行性骨化性纤维增殖不良症(FOP)是一种有数的先天性致残性疾病,, ,,全球约有1000名患者,, ,,其临床体现为病人的骨骼肌和软结缔组织会逐步骨化而导致身体变得僵硬,, ,,现在还没有有用治疗要领。。
  哈佛医学院和波士顿贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心的医学指导员戴米恩·美第奇发明,, ,,与通俗骨骼组织差别的是,, ,,FOP病人体内病态的软骨和骨头细胞中包括有内皮细胞的生物标记。。这让他爆发了一个疑问,, ,,病人的软骨和骨头是否起源于内皮细胞呢??????美第奇和同事将引发FOP的变异基因转变为了正常的内皮细胞。。令人意想不到的是,, ,,内皮细胞接着转化为了一种新的细胞类型,, ,,这种细胞能够破碎为骨头、软骨、肌肉、脂肪甚至神经细胞的成人干细胞或骨髓间充质干细胞。。进一步的实验发明,, ,,欠亨过变异的基因来诱导这种转变,, ,,研究职员也能够使用两种特定的卵白质(生长因子TGF-beta2和BMP4)中的任何一种来作育内皮细胞,, ,,这些卵白质的细胞交互作用模拟了变异基因的作用,, ,,这给科学家提供了一种更有用的重组细胞的要领。。之后,, ,,研究职员将这些重组的细胞划分放入作育皿中和动物身上,, ,,它们最终发育成了一组相关的组织类型。。
  美第奇体现,, ,,这些新的细胞同骨髓间充质干细胞并不完全一样,, ,,厘清这点很是主要,, ,,但它们都具备类似于骨髓间充质干细胞的潜力和可塑性。。奥尔森称,, ,,这套系统的强盛性在于,, ,,这只是一个自然历程的重复,, ,,从这个意义上来说,, ,,与现在其他对细胞举行重组的要领相比,, ,,其人工干预更少。。全球FOP领域的专家、宾夕法尼亚州大学医学院的整形外科分子医学教授弗雷德里克·卡普兰也是该研究的相助者,, ,,他体现,, ,,新发明让人们首次知道怎样使用这个历程来制造病人急需的特殊骨骼。。美第奇和奥尔森回应称,, ,,这些发明最直接的应用将是组织工程学和个性化医疗领域。??????蒲Ъ蚁嘈,, ,,某一天,, ,,接受移植的病人可能会提取出自己的内皮细胞,, ,,然后举行重组,, ,,接着就可以长成他们需要的组织类型来用于移植,, ,,并且不会泛起倾轧反应。。(泉源:科技日报 宣布时间:2010-11-24 13:30:59)

【点评】
  该项研究提供了一种非基因重组方法体外培育内皮细胞转化为干细胞,, ,,由于镌汰了人为干预,, ,,能为细胞移植提供更好的细胞源。。若是此类干细胞培育手艺可以像原位再生医学一样在活体上清静有用地实现,, ,,就可以阻止细胞移植及其副作用。。

【原文摘录】Nature Medicine (2010) doi:10.1038/nm.2252
Conversion of vascular endothelial cells into multipotent stem-like cells
Damian Medici, Eileen M Shore, Vitali Y Lounev, et al.
Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to several cell types, but varying results depending on isolation methods and tissue source have led to controversies about their usefulness in clinical medicine. Here we show that vascular endothelial cells can transform into multipotent stem-like cells by an activin-like kinase-2 (ALK2) receptor–dependent mechanism. In lesions from individuals with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a disease in which heterotopic ossification occurs as a result of activating ALK2 mutations, or from transgenic mice expressing constitutively active ALK2, chondrocytes and osteoblasts expressed endothelial markers. Lineage tracing of heterotopic ossification in mice using a Tie2-Cre construct also suggested an endothelial origin of these cell types. Expression of constitutively active ALK2 in endothelial cells caused endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and acquisition of a stem cell–like phenotype. Similar results were obtained by treatment of untransfected endothelial cells with the ligands transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) or bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) in an ALK2-dependent manner. These stem-like cells could be triggered to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes or adipocytes. We suggest that conversion of endothelial cells to stem-like cells may provide a new approach to tissue engineering.

2. 脂肪组织可天生免疫细胞
【摘要】
  法国国家科研中心11月22日揭晓公报称,, ,,该机构的研究职员日前发明,, ,,老鼠的脂肪组织能够天生对抗过敏和发炎的免疫细胞,, ,,这一研究效果倾覆了科学界以前的看法,, ,,有助于新药的研制。。公报称,, ,,脂肪组织不但是油脂的“贮存库”,, ,,它在生物新陈代谢历程中也施展着主要作用,, ,,例如白色脂肪组织中就含有血液中的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞,, ,,这些造血细胞在白色脂肪组织中约占20%。。此前人们一直以为,, ,,这些造血细胞只能来自骨髓,, ,,是从造血干细胞中疏散出来的。。不过国家科研中心的研究职员却得出了差别的结论,, ,,他们通过实验发明,, ,,老鼠的脂肪组织自己就能够天生造血干细胞,, ,,后者除了分解出造血细胞,, ,,还会分解出肥大细胞。。肥大细胞是一种免疫细胞,, ,,在肌体抗击过敏和发炎中施展着至关主要的作用。。
  研究职员体现,, ,,肥大细胞在免疫系统中无处不在,, ,,其作用远比人们想象的要大,, ,,而脂肪组织通常占到一个成人体重的10%到50%,, ,,若是他们能够进一步证实,, ,,人体的脂肪组织也能天生肥大细胞,, ,,那么将给造血和免疫系统疾病患者带来希望。。该研究效果已经揭晓在最新一期的美国《干细胞》杂志上。。(泉源:新华社 李学梅)

【点评】
  这一发明进一步将脂肪组织和免疫系统细密联系在一起。。同时也进一步证实脂肪组织能贮存和生产干细胞。。

【原文摘录】STEM CELLS 2010;28:2065–2072
Adipose Tissue as a Dedicated Reservoir of Functional Mast Cell Progenitors
Sandrine Poglio, Fabienne De Toni-Costes, Emmanuelle Arnaud, et al.
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a heterogeneous tissue, found in various locations throughout the body, containing mature adipocytes and the stroma-vascular fraction (SVF). The SVF includes a large proportion of immune hematopoietic cells, among which, mast cells that contribute to diet-induced obesity. In this study, we asked whether mast cells present in mice adipose tissue could derive from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) identified in the tissue. We therefore performed both in vitro and in vivo experiments dedicated to monitoring the progeny of WAT-derived HSPC. The entire study was conducted in parallel with bone marrow-derived cells, considered the gold standard for hematopoietic-lineage studies. Here, we demonstrate that adipose-derived HSPC contain a precursor-cell population committed to the mast cell lineage, and able to efficiently home to peripheral organs such as intestine and skin, where it acquires properties of functional tissue mast cells. Additionally, WAT contains a significant mast cell progenitor population, suggesting that the entire mast cell lineage process take place in WAT. Considering the quantitative importance of WAT in the adult organism and the increasing roles recently assigned to mast cells in physiopathology, WAT may represent an important source of mast cells in physiological and pathological situations.

3.  预设基因线路可指示人体细胞按需分解

【摘要】
  据《自然》网站11月25日报道,, ,,美国生物学家研究出一种基因线路,, ,,可以凭证需要体例程序,, ,,指示细胞对想要的信号作出响应。。这项手艺有着普遍用途,, ,,好比诱导干细胞分解成体内的差别组织,, ,,或在营养不良时激活植物的防御机制等。。相关研究揭晓在11月26日出书的《科学》杂志上。。“从普遍意义上讲,, ,,就是对细胞的行为和决议举行控制,, ,,让其对任何感兴趣的卵白质作出反应。。”认真该项研究的加利福尼亚斯坦福大学生物工程师克里斯蒂娜·斯莫克说,, ,,其主要难点在于怎样控制细胞行为,, ,,以及怎样开发细胞路径。。
  为此,, ,,研究小组制造了一段DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)作为基因线路,, ,,将其插入细胞转录到RNA(核糖核酸)中后,, ,,它会去探寻细胞内部是否保存某种特殊的目的卵白质,, ,,一旦找到,, ,,线路就会给这种卵白质编码。。好比,, ,,其中一种线路包括了一种酶的基因,, ,,这种酶能让细胞对抗病毒药物更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)越发敏感。。研究职员在基因序列中插入一个阻止信号,, ,,以避免细胞通过信使RNA天生事情卵白质,, ,,而到下一个阻止信号时,, ,,它们会编码一小段RNA作为一个适配子,, ,,识别一种叫做beta-联卵白的信号卵白质(在某些肿瘤中beta-联卵白会被太过复制),, ,,找到目的后适配子就会与其连系,, ,,由此会让细胞与信使DNA以某种方法铰接,, ,,从而扫除阻止信号以爆发酶。。为了磨练设计线路的效果,, ,,他们激活人体细胞爆发特另外beta-联卵白,, ,,让它们变得像癌细胞,, ,,然后用更昔洛韦来治疗,, ,,效果显示,, ,,含有体例线路的细胞都被药物杀死了。。
  斯莫克说,, ,,一条线路里有多个适配子感受器,, ,,能对差别类型的卵白质起差别的反应。。从理论上,, ,,这种线路能包括任何基因,, ,,也可以设计适配子来识别任何卵白质。。通过扭转这种线路里的“线”,, ,,能让细胞不但对保存的卵白质爆发响应,, ,,还能对缺失的卵白质爆发响应。。加利福尼亚劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室的系统与合成生物学家亚当·阿金说,, ,,新手艺在无邪性上是一种突破。。在使用细胞信号方面,, ,,其他研究倾向于作为一种“一次性的预设工程”(one-offs of bespoke engineering),, ,,而斯莫克的线路可以用在差别类型的细胞中,, ,,开发更为普遍的生物路径。。斯莫克以为,, ,,这种“细胞黑客”线路(Cell-hacking circuit)要进入临床应用还需再等几年,, ,,但与其他实验性治疗相连系,, ,,他们最终将能够控制其在体内施展作用时的位置和时机。。好比,, ,,通过指示多功效干细胞对体内的卵白质踪迹信号爆发响应,, ,,让它们生出多种组织,, ,,分解成希望的样子; ;;;或让含有特定线路的杀癌免疫细胞能免受康健细胞的攻击。。泉源:科技日报 宣布时间:2010-11-27 9:40:28

【点评】
  对细胞的行为和决议举行控制,, ,,这是显着的人为干预妄想,, ,,若是无法确保这种干预只是泛起在准确的时间、所在和事务上,, ,,那么它的保存只会扰乱细胞正常的心理代谢。。

【原文摘录】Science 2010: Vol. 330 no. 6008 pp. 1251-1255 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192128
Reprogramming Cellular Behavior with RNA Controllers Responsive to Endogenous Proteins
Stephanie J. Culler1, Kevin G. Hoff1 and Christina D. Smolke
Synthetic genetic devices that interface with native cellular pathways can be used to change natural networks to implement new forms of control and behavior. The engineering of gene networks has been limited by an inability to interface with native components. We describe a class of RNA control devices that overcome these limitations by coupling increased abundance of particular proteins to targeted gene expression events through the regulation of alternative RNA splicing. We engineered RNA devices that detect signaling through the nuclear factor κB and Wnt signaling pathways in human cells and rewire these pathways to produce new behaviors, thereby linking disease markers to noninvasive sensing and reprogrammed cellular fates. Our work provides a genetic platform that can build programmable sensing-actuation devices enabling autonomous control over cellular behavior.

4. 无需动物实验即可快速筛选抗癌药物

【摘要】科技日报 2010-11-23 10:15:12
  美国斯坦福大学医学院首次乐成地在组织作育皿中将人体正常细胞转酿成三维癌细胞组织。。该研究效果提供了视察细胞怎样破碎和侵入周围组织的全新途径,, ,,有助于更好地熟悉癌症在人体内的行为,, ,,同时可望在无需动物实验的情形下举行快速和廉价的抗癌药物测试。。研究效果揭晓在21日出书的《自然·医学》杂志网络版上。。
  斯坦福大学医学院皮肤科主任保罗·卡瓦里博士体现,, ,,使用动物模式,, ,,上述实验通常需要数月的时间才华完成,, ,,而现在只需数天。。据悉,, ,,研究职员的研究重点是上皮细胞,, ,,而上皮细胞癌症约莫占人类癌症发病率的90%。。研究职员使用的人体正常细胞取自皮肤、宫颈、食道和咽喉。。为让正常细胞爆发癌变,, ,,他们首先用病毒去影响可导致细胞失控生长的两个已知基因通道,, ,,并发明同时更改这两个基因通道是令正常细胞转化的有用途径。。然后,, ,,研究职员将泛早先期癌变的上皮细胞植入装有人体其他皮肤因素的组织作育皿中。。视察效果显示,, ,,上皮细胞首先附着在作育皿内的基膜上,, ,,并形成了看上去是正常的三维横截面皮肤; ;;;然而在约莫6天后,, ,,细胞最先泛起凶兆性转变,, ,,它们穿透了基膜,, ,,并侵入下面的基质组织中。??????ㄍ呃锼担骸罢夥从Φ氖侨颂逯琢鏊⒌淖匀徽飨蟆。通常,, ,,细胞从早期恶性状态变为侵入性癌症需要数年的时间。。只有在这种完好的人体组织模子情形下,, ,,细胞转变才会生长得更快。。”别的,, ,,在对作育出的癌症细胞举行剖析后,, ,,研究职员发明其形状与人体内自然生长的癌细胞相符。。使用新开发的癌细胞组织作育皿,, ,,研究职员对20种实验性抗癌药物举行了测试,, ,,并追踪到3种实验药物能够让上皮细胞阻止侵入基膜,, ,,显示出它们可成为潜在的候选药物。。虽然候选药物能否最终开发成抗癌药物还需要举行优化后用于动物实验,, ,,可是使用癌细胞组织作育皿举行先期筛选的手段可以让研究职员缩小选择规模。。要强调的是,, ,,上述20种抗癌药物中大大都自己不易在动物体举行测试,, ,,其缘故原由在于,, ,,以它们现在的形态还保存难以治理和毒性等问题。。
  三维癌细胞作育情形还显示,, ,,基质细胞自己以某种方法增进了癌变上皮细胞的侵入,, ,,这些细胞并不需要急剧破碎而抵达侵入基膜的目的。??????ㄍ呃锾逑,, ,,他们现在能够从差别的人体组织作育出多种肿瘤,, ,,获得了可能反应人体肿瘤自然爆发征象的新途径。。然而他同时指出,, ,,新的研究模式没有包括人体其他的生物因素,, ,,如免疫系统和新陈代谢。。

【点评】
  使用这一人工癌变模子,, ,,在组织作育皿中举行先期筛选,, ,,简直可以缩小那些不易处置惩罚的候选药物的规模,, ,,只是可靠性尚有待验证。。另一方面,, ,,现在的科学关于将正常细胞酿成癌细胞是越来越有步伐了,, ,,可是关于怎样将癌细胞酿成正常细胞照旧一筹莫展。。

【原文摘录】Nature Medicine (21 November 2010) doi:10.1038/nm.2265
Invasive three-dimensional organotypic neoplasia from multiple normal human epithelia
Todd W Ridky, Jennifer M Chow, David J Wong, Paul A Khavari
Refined cancer models are required if researchers are to assess the burgeoning number of potential targets for cancer therapeutics in a clinically relevant context that allows a fast turnaround. Here we use tumor-associated genetic pathways to transform primary human epithelial cells from the epidermis, oropharynx, esophagus and cervix into genetically defined tumors in a human three-dimensional (3D) tissue environment that incorporates cell-populated stroma and intact basement membrane. These engineered organotypic tissues recapitulated natural features of tumor progression, including epithelial invasion through basement membrane, a complex process that is necessary for biological malignancy in 90% of human cancers. Invasion was rapid and was potentiated by stromal cells. Oncogenic signals in 3D tissue, but not 2D culture, resembled gene expression profiles from spontaneous human cancers. We screened 3D organotypic neoplasia with well-characterized signaling pathway inhibitors to distill a clinically faithful cancer gene signature. Multitissue 3D human tissue cancer models may provide an efficient and relevant complement to current approaches to characterizing cancer progression.

5. 恢复p53功效为主的肿瘤疗法的局限性

【摘要】Nature 2010-11-25 17:37:09
  p53 肿瘤抑制通道的失活是人类癌症的一个普遍特征,, ,,以是人们便想,, ,,恢复已形成的肿瘤中的p53 功效也许会是一种有用疗法。。然而,, ,,本期Nature上两篇论文突显了以p53为偏向的癌症疗法在实践上的局限性。。他们在一个K-Ras-driven肺癌模子中发明,, ,,由p53调控的肿瘤抑制只在肿瘤生长的后期阶段才施展作用,, ,,这个时间K-Ras致癌信号已抵达足以激活ARF-p53通道的阈限。。这意味着p53的重新表达未能抑制肿瘤爆发的早期阶段,, ,,只管它简直诱导了更为激进的肿瘤的退行。。

【点评】
  p53的重新表达不可抑制早期肿瘤的爆发,, ,,癌变的爆发是多因素事务,, ,,在细胞活动的整体网络里,, ,,简单因素只能起到部分作用,, ,,它依然受其他因素影响。。

【原文摘录】Nature 468, 567-571 (24 November 2010) doi:10.1038/nature09526
Selective activation of p53-mediated tumour suppression in high-grade tumours
Melissa R. Junttila, Anthony N. Karnezis, Daniel Garcia, et al.
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an overall 5-year survival rate of only 10–15%. Deregulation of the Ras pathway is a frequent hallmark of NSCLC, often through mutations that directly activate Kras. p53 is also frequently inactivated in NSCLC and, because oncogenic Ras can be a potent trigger of p53, it seems likely that oncogenic Ras signalling has a major and persistent role in driving the selection against p53. Hence, pharmacological restoration of p53 is an appealing therapeutic strategy for treating this disease. Here we model the probable therapeutic impact of p53 restoration in a spontaneously evolving mouse model of NSCLC initiated by sporadic oncogenic activation of endogenous Kras. Surprisingly, p53 restoration failed to induce significant regression of established tumours, although it did result in a significant decrease in the relative proportion of high-grade tumours. This is due to selective activation of p53 only in the more aggressive tumour cells within each tumour. Such selective activation of p53 correlates with marked upregulation in Ras signal intensity and induction of the oncogenic signalling sensor p19ARF. Our data indicate that p53-mediated tumour suppression is triggered only when oncogenic Ras signal flux exceeds a critical threshold. Importantly, the failure of low-level oncogenic Kras to engage p53 reveals inherent limits in the capacity of p53 to restrain early tumour evolution and in the efficacy of therapeutic p53 restoration to eradicate cancers.

6. 卵白酶体助生殖细胞“返老还童”
【摘要】
  “返老还童”在自然界真的保存吗??????法国里昂的科学家在线虫生殖历程中首次发明卵母细胞在受精前的某一刻“返老还童”。。首先,, ,,他们发明生殖细胞也会变老,, ,,积累羰基化和氧化的损伤卵白,, ,,更主要的是,, ,,他们视察到在卵母细胞成熟的某一准确时刻,, ,,卵白氧化水平会突然降低,, ,,这是由于卵白酶体对损伤卵白举行了“洗濯”,, ,,使其“返老还童”。。

【点评】
  生殖细胞的“返老还童”阻止将老化信息遗传下去,, ,,而这种机制若是也保存于组织细胞里,, ,,并且能够被激活,, ,,那么也有可能实现成熟个体的年轻化。。

【原文摘录】Aging Cell, 2010; 9 (6): 991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00625.x
Carbonylated proteins are eliminated during reproduction in C. elegans.
Jérôme Goudeau, Hugo Aguilaniu.
Oxidatively damaged proteins accumulate with age in many species. This means that damage must be reset at the time of reproduction. To visualize this resetting in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a novel immunofluorescence technique that allows the detection of carbonylated proteins in situ was developed. The application of this technique revealed that carbonylated proteins are eliminated during C. elegans reproduction. This purging occurs abruptly within the germline at the time of oocyte maturation. Surprisingly, the germline was markedly more oxidized than the surrounding somatic tissues. Because distinct mechanisms have been proposed to explain damage elimination in yeast and mice, possible common mechanisms between worms and one of these systems were tested. The results show that, unlike in yeast, the elimination of carbonylated proteins in worms does not require the presence of the longevity-ensuring gene, SIR-2.1. However, similar to findings in mice, proteasome activity in the germline is required for the resetting of carbonylated proteins during reproduction in C. elegans. Thus, oxidatively damaged proteins are eliminated during reproduction in worms through the proteasome. This finding suggests that the resetting of damaged proteins during reproduction is conserved, therefore validating the use of C. elegans as a model to study the molecular basis of damage elimination.
 

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